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以下為英國文學史第二冊的知識點總結(jié) 個別知識點會有錯誤或者遺漏 請在復 習的時候自主補充 愿大家都能取得好成績 VictoriaJ Part V The Romantic Period The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge s and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott s death Wordsworth 華茲華斯 Coleridge 柯爾律治 Southey 騷塞 The Lake Poets 1 William Wordsworth 威廉 華茲華斯 1770 1850 Poet Laureate 桂冠詩人 a leader of the romantic movement in England Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌謠集 with Samuel Taylor Coleridge It marked the beginning of the Romantic revival in England 1 This is a joint work of Wordsworth and his friend Coleridge 2 The publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 marks the beginning of the Romantic Movement in England 3 It begins with Coleridge s long poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 古 舟子詠 老水手之行 and ends with Wordsworth s Tintern Abbey 丁登寺 4 Many of the subjects of these poems deal with elements of nature such as birds daffodils and simple rural folk 5 The majority of poems in this collection were written by Wordsworth The poems in Lyrical Ballads are characterized by a sympathy with the poor simple peasants a passionate love of nature and the simplicity and purity of the language 6 Some of the best poems in the collection are Lines Written in Early Spring 早春詩行 The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 古舟子詠 老水手之行 Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey 丁登寺 Lucy Poems 露西組詩 I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud 獨自漫游似浮云 The Daffodils 水仙 Theme 1 Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance It is nature that give him strength and knowledge full of peace 2 It is bliss to recall the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude Comment The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights In the poem on the beauty of nature the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils 水仙 and poets philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts The Solitary Reaper 孤獨的收割者 The Prelude 序曲 or Growth of a Poet s Mind The Excursion 遠足 漫游 Wordsworth s Principles of Poetry feelings commonplace things the real language of man and deliberate simplicity inner self changed the ordinary speech of the language return to nature 2 George Gordon Byron 喬治 戈登 拜倫 1788 1824 1 Hours of Idleness 閑暇時刻 消閑時光 dealing with childish recollections and early friendship showing the influence of 18th century traditions 2 The English Bards and Scott Reviewers 英國詩人和蘇格蘭評論家 She Walks In Beauty 她走在美的光影里 When We Two Parted 昔日依依別 Sonnet on Chillon 錫隆十四行詩 Childe Harold s Pilgrimage 恰爾德哈羅德游記 I awoke one morning and found myself famous Spenserian stanza 斯賓塞詩體 9 line stanza ababbcbcc long poem with 4 cantos Don Juan d n d u n 唐璜 masterpiece 杰作 It was written in Italy during the years from 1818 to 1823 It has 16 000 lines in 16 cantos It is an epic satire a satire on abuses of the present state of society It is written in ottava rima t v rim 八行體 八行體 每行 10 或 11 個音節(jié) 前 6 行交替押韻 后 2 行成一組同腳韻 Each stanza contains 8 iambic pentameter lines 每個節(jié)包含 8 個抑揚格五音步 線 The rhyme scheme is abababcc The later part of the 18th century a Spanish youth of aristocratic birth This long poem describes Don Juan s vicissitudes 變遷 of life and adventures in many countries The poem gives a satirical description of English ruling classes and social conditions The hero shows his disgust at the vanity 虛榮 and hypocrisy 虛偽 of English high society Byron did not finish the poem He meant to make the hero take part in the French Revolution and die a heroic death Comments on Byron 1 Byron is one of the most excellent representatives of English Romanticism and one of the most influential poets of the time 2 His literary career was closely linked with the struggle and progressive movements of his age 3 He opposed oppression and slavery and has an ardent passionate love for liberty 4 He praised the people s revolutionary struggles in his works 5 His poems are favorites of the British workers and the laboring people of other countries 6 Byron s poems show energy and vigor romantic daring bold brave and powerful passion Some poems show his individual heroism and pessimism 英雄主義和悲觀主義 Byronic heroes 拜倫式英雄 在 Oriental Tales 東方敘事詩 大量體現(xiàn) A theme that pervades much of Byron s work is that of the Byronic hero an idealized but flawed character whose attributes include Being a rebel 反叛者 Having a distaste for social institutions 厭惡社會體系 Being an exile 被流放 Expressing a lack of respect for rank and privilege 蔑視權(quán)威 Having great talent 極具天賦 Hiding an unsavory past 隱藏著令人厭惡的過去 Being highly passionate 高度的熱情 Ultimately being self destructive 自我毀滅 Byronic hero is a proud mysterious rebel figure of noble origin against tyrannical rules 殘暴的規(guī)則 or moral principles 3 Percy Bysshe Shelley 波西 比希 雪萊 1792 1822 The finest lyric poets in the English language 1 Zastrozzi 柴斯特羅齊 written when in Eton 2 The Necessity of Atheism 無神論的必要性 written when in Oxford University 3 Queen Mab 仙后麥布 written when in London 4 Prometheus Unbound 解放了的普羅米修斯 written when in Italy 5 The Odes to the West Wind 西風頌 written when in Italy Theme The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring This is a poem about renewal about the wind blowing life back into dead things implying not just an arc of life which would end at death but a cycle which only starts again when something dies Comment Percy Bysshe Shelley s Ode to the West Wind is written in iambic pentameter It contains five sonnet length stanzas each with a closing couplet The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee The tone is poignant Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life Artistic features Using rerza rima 三行詩 aba bcb cdc ded efe 6 The Masque of Anarchy 暴政的假面 a political lyrics written when in Italy 7 Ozymandias 奧西曼迪亞斯 8 A Song Men of England 給英格蘭人的歌 9 The Cloud 云 10 To a Sky Lark 致云雀 Comments on Shelley s Poetry 1 Shelley has a reputation as a difficult poet erudite rudait learned complex difficult full of classical 古典 and mythological allusions 神話典故 2 His style abounds is rich in personification 擬人 and metaphor 比喻 and other figures of speech Comments on Shelley He stood for this social and political ideal all his life Shelley loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters He called on the people to overthrow the rule of tyranny and injustice and prophesied 預言 a happy and free life for mankind He stood for this social and political ideal all his life 4 John Keats 約翰 濟慈 1795 1821 1 O Solitude 孤寂 a sonnet published in Hunt s The Examiner 檢查官 2 On First Looking into Chapman s Homer 初讀查普曼譯荷馬史詩 a sonnet 3 Poems 詩集 his first book 4 Endymion 恩底彌翁 his first long poem 5 Isabella 伊莎貝拉 6 Hyperion 許佩里翁 written in blank verse The theme is the conflict between the old and the new 7 Lamia 萊米亞 8 The Eve of St Agnes 圣 愛格尼斯之夜 unfinished 9 The great odes 1 On a Grecian Urn 希臘古甕頌 2 To Psyche 心靈頌 3 To a Nightingale 夜鶯頌 4 On Melancholy 憂傷頌 5 To Autumn 秋頌 Comments on John Keats poetry synesthesia 通感 1 In John Keats short writing career of six or seven years Keats produced a variety of kinds of work including epic lyric and narrative poems 2 Keats poetry characterized by exact and closely knit construction sensual descriptions and by force of imagination gives transcendental values to the physical beauty of the world 3 His artistic aim is to create a beautiful world of imagination as opposed to the sordid miserable reality of his day He sought to express beauty in all his poems His leading principle is Beauty is truth truth beauty 5 Walter Scott 沃爾特 斯科特 1771 1832 1 The father of the historical novel 2 Scottish Novelist and Poet 3 His language is difficult with Scottish dialect Range from the Middle Ages to the 18th century subjects history of Scotland English history history of European countries Of the Scottish history Waverley 威弗利 first historical novel Rob Roy 羅布 羅伊 the best of the group Of the English history Ivanhoe 艾凡赫 Norman Conquest the best of the group Style a combination of history and romance b panoramic scene of the medieval England c third person point of view story combined with first person point of view author s intervention d the use of disjointed flashback e structural clues to move the story along Scott s wish of the reconciliation of two nations and desire for the establishment of a strong centralized nation headed by a wise and just king e g Richard the Lion hearted is such a king He is a beautified figure GENERAL FEATURES of THE HISTORICAL NOVEL Blend of fictional and real characters events 虛實相混 Detailed description 細節(jié)描寫 Third person omniscient narrator 第三人稱視角 Flashbacks and time shifts 閃回和時間移位 Closeness of the past to the present 從古至今 Comments on Scott s Historical Novels Scott s historical novels paved the way for the development of the realistic novels of the 19th century and marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century 6 Jane Austen 簡 奧斯丁 1775 1817 The first important English woman novelist and now ranking among the truly great British novelists Pride and Prejudice 1813 傲慢與偏見 Sense and Sensibility 1811 理智與情感 Northanger Abbey 1818 諾桑覺寺 Mansfield Park 1814 曼斯菲爾德莊園 Emma 1816 愛瑪 Persuasion 1818 勸導 Features of Jane s Writing 1 Her writing is realistic 2 She drew vivid pictures of everyday life of the country society 3 The themes are mostly about love and marriage 4 The language is simple humorous and witty and with quiet irony The dialogue is not only fit for the characteristics but also with satire 7 Charles lamb 查爾斯 蘭姆 1775 1834 The best representative of Romantic Prose Writers British counterpart of Montaigne 蒙田 Dream Children A Reverie 夢中的兒女 一首幻想曲 Poor Relations 窮親戚 Features of Lamb s Essays 1 the most important feature of his essays is his humor Charles Lamb is a humorist and a master of puns and jokes which abound in his essays 2 Lamb was especially fond of old writers His writings are full of archaisms a keiizm 古詞 3 His essays are intensely personal They are an excellent picture of Lamb and humanity His essays are marked by relaxed style conversational tone and wide range of subject matter 4 Lamb is a romanticist of the city while Wordsworth is a romanticist of nature Lamb s imagination was inspired by the busy life of London Wordsworth drew inspirations from the mountains and lakes Part VI The Victorian Age Critical Realism in England A satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling class s greed and hypocrisy Satire grotesque Profound sympathy for the common people honesty and good heartedness Humor Democratic and humanistic character 1 Charles Dickens 查爾斯 狄更斯 1812 1870 The First Period 1836 1841 Period of youthful optimist fun high spirit naive optimism 1 Sketches by Boz 1836 博茲特寫集 the first book 2 The Pickwick Papers 1837 匹克威克外傳 3 Oliver Twist 1837 1838 奧克佛 特維斯特 霧都孤兒 4 Nichols Nickleby 1838 1839 尼古拉斯 尼克爾貝 5 The Old Curiosity Shop 1840 1841 老古玩店 6 Barnaby Rudge 1841 巴納比 拉奇 The Second Period 1842 1850 Period of excitement irritation and frustration exposing the corrupting influence of wealth and power optimism turned into dissatisfaction and irritation 1 American Notes 1842 美國札記 2 Martin Chuzzlewit 1843 1844 馬丁 朱述爾維特 3 A Christmas Carol 1843 圣誕頌歌 4 The Chimes 教堂鐘聲 5 The Cricket on the Hearth 灶上蟋蟀 6 Dombey and Son 1847 1848 董貝父子 7 David Copperfield 1849 1850 大衛(wèi) 科波菲爾 the most autobiographical one of the greatest English novels The Third Period a Period of steadily intensifying pessimism showing underlying tone of bitterness loss of hope for English bourgeois society 1 Bleak House 1852 1853 荒涼山莊 2 Hard Times 1854 艱難時世 3 Little Dorrit 1855 1857 小杜麗 4 A Tale of Two Cities 1859 雙城記 5 Great Expectations 1860 1861 遠大前程 6 Our Mutual Friend 1864 1865 我們的共同朋友 7 Edwin Drood unfinished 1869 艾德溫 德魯?shù)轮?Features of His Works 這兩個是批判現(xiàn)實主義都有的特點 批判社會現(xiàn)實 妥協(xié) 1 Dickens novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation criticize the vices of capitalist society 2 Dickens is a petty bourgeois intellectual 小資產(chǎn)階級知識分子 He could not overstep the limits of his class He believed in the moral self perfection of the wicked propertied classes He failed to see the necessity of a bitter struggle of the oppressed against their oppressors There is a definite tendency for a reconciliation of the contradictions of capitalists society 3 Dickens is a great humorist His novels are full of humor and satire 批判現(xiàn)實 4 Almost all his novels have happy endings 妥協(xié) compromise 5 His novels tell much of the experience of his childhood 創(chuàng)作源泉 2 William Makepeace Thackeray 威廉 梅克皮斯 薩克雷 1811 1863 1 The Book of Snobs 勢利人臉譜 勢利者集 It gives a satirical description of the different strata of the ruling classes of England and is regarded as a prelude to Thackeray s major literary career 2 Vanity Fair A Novel without a Hero 名利場 3 The History of Pendennis 彭登尼斯 4 The Newcomes 紐克姆一家 5 The History of Henny Esmond 亨利 埃斯蒙德 6 The Virginians 弗吉尼亞人 historical novels Comments on Thackeray s Novels 1 Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th century Europe 2 Thackeray is a satirist His satire is caustic 刻薄的 尖銳的 and his humor subtle 精妙的 3 Thackeray is a moralist His aim is to produce a moral impression in all his novels The Features of Vanity Fair 1 Vanity Fair has a sub title A Novel Without a Hero which intends to portray the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole 2 In Vanity Fair Thackeray gives block characters 人物群體 3 Vanity Fair is work of social criticism and is noted for the author s realistic depiction the ironic and sarcastic tone and constant comment and criticism 4 Thackeray uses symbolism in Vanity Fair 5 Thackeray employs an omniscient narrator to tell the story 3 George Eliot 喬治 艾略特 1819 1880 Mary Ann Evans 瑪麗安 伊萬斯 She is a female writer most of her works are on the moral problems and religion some are on the political problems with ferocious criticism of the bourgeoisie society She used a male pen name to ensure her works would be taken seriously she wanted to escape the stereotype of women only writing lighthearted romances Desire to shield her private life from public scrutiny and to prevent scandals attending her relationship with the married George Henry Lewes with whom she lived for over 20 years 1 Translation The Essence of Christianity 基督教的本質(zhì) 2 Editor of The Westminster Review 威斯敏斯特評論 Three stories 1 The Sad Fortunes of the Reverend Amos Barton 阿莫斯 巴頓牧師的不幸遭遇 2 Mr Gilfil s Lover Story 吉爾菲爾先生的戀愛史 3 Janet s Repentance 珍妮特的懺悔 3 Scenes of Clerical Life 教區(qū)生活場景 1857 Remarkable Novels 4 Adam Bede 亞當 比德 5 The Mill on the Floss 弗洛斯河上的磨房 6 Silas Marner 織工馬南 7 Romola 羅慕拉 1863 a historical novel of the Renaissance in Italy problems of religion and morality 8 Felix Holt the Radical 1866 費立可斯 霍爾特 9 Middlemarch 1871 1872 米德爾馬契 10 Daniel Deronda 1876 丹尼爾 德龍達 A study of Jewish racial consciousness 4 The Bront sisters Charlotte Bront 1816 1855 Emily Bront 1818 1848 Anne Bront 1820 1849 They were all talented writers and all of them died young Emily Wuthering Heights 呼嘯山莊 Anne Agnes Grey 安格尼斯 格雷 The Tenant of the Wildfell Hall 王爾德費爾莊園的佃戶 Charlotte s Representative works 1 The Professor 教授 based on her Brussels experience not published until her death 2 Jane Eyre 簡愛 masterpiece 1 The criticism of the bourgeois system of education the Lowood School 2 The description of the English country squire 3 Position of woman in society equality Jane Eyre is a first person narrative of the title character Partly autobiographical the novel abounds with social criticism Gothicism and romanticism to create a distinctive Victorian novel Features of Jane Eyre Jane Eyre an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved a poor plain little governess who dares to love her master a man superior to her in many ways and even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him cuts a completely new woman image In this novel Charlotte characterizes Jane Eyre as a naive kind hearted noble minded woman who pursues a genuine kind of love Jane Eyre represents those middle class workingwomen who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being The vivid description of her intense feelings and her thought and inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience Themes Morality 道德 God and Religion Social class Gender relations Love and Passion Independence Atonement and Forgiveness 贖罪和寬恕 Search for home and family 3 Shirley 舍麗 dealing with the life of workers at the time of the Luddites movement 盧德運動 17 c machines deprived work destroy 4 Villette 維萊特 a realistic description of her sad experiences at a boarding school in Brussels Themes of Charlotte s works and the image of women protagonists 1 Charlotte s works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards self realization about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love understanding and a full happy life 2 All her heroines highest joy arises from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome 3 The image of women protagonists in her works mostly reflect the life of the middle class working women particularly governesses 4 Her works present a vivid realistic picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty hypocrisy and other evils of the upper classes and by showing the misery and suffering of the poor Especially in Jane Eyre she sharply criticizes the existing society e g religious hypocrisy of charity institutions What is the difference between Charlotte and Emily in expressing love Charlotte thwarted 挫敗的 lonely sublimated 升華的 love Emily triumph 勝利 revenge of love 報復 Both Charlotte and Emily write about their familiar things around them A Charlotte s writing Features 1 Charlotte s novels are all about lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for life and love 2 Her novels are more or less based on her own experience and feelings and the life as she sees around 3 Although her objective descriptions are detailed and exact she is a subjective writer 4 Her works are marked with an intensity of a volcanic 暴烈的 imagination and fiery passions and feelings such as extreme fear despair and love which can only be understood as her own B Emily s writing Features 1 She expresses the feelings of the hero in terms of spiritual suppress tension and conflicts and the result to which such a feeling would lead 2 Her novel is unique in its structure and its vision 3 In her novel there is the combination of extremely simple austere 簡樸的 and an adorned 修飾的 language with the most mighty and intensified effects 強大而有力的作 用 5 Alfred Lord Tennyson 艾爾弗雷德 丁尼生 1809 1892 Poet Laureate 桂冠詩人 In Memoriam 悼念 1833 1850 relations between religion and science Idylls of the King 國王之歌 1850 1885 Ulysses 尤里西斯 blank verse dramatic monologue Tennyson s Best known Short Poems Break Break Break 拍吧 拍吧 拍吧 sadness over the loss of a dear friend combining the nature and his inner world In this poem the poet s own feelings of grief stands in sharp contrast with the carefree innocent joys of the children and the apathetic 冷漠的 motion of the ship and the waves 1 Rhyme Scheme and Meter Lines 2 and 4 of each stanza have end rhyme The meter in the poem varies but the anapestic foot creates the musicality of the poem 2 Rhetorical Devices Personification and metaphor Alliteration Repeated Paradox Theme Grief 悲傷 The main theme is bereavement 喪失 尤指親友 heartache emptiness Preciousness of Youth 珍貴的青春 Tennyson s friend Arthur Hallam was only 22 when he died The shock of Hallam s death impressed upon Tennyson how priceless youth is Indifference of Nature Nature continues to function according to its rhythms and cycles regardless of what happens good or bad to human beings Crossing the Bar 穿過沙洲 Comment on Alfred Tennyson 1 Tennyson is a moralist polished 精練的 delicate 優(yōu)美的 didacticism 說教方法 antique valuable a sense of nostalgia 懷舊 2 Tennyson is a poet of nature In Tennyson s po